What makes a piece "lyrical"?
I've been thinking about this question for a while. This is my definition of what makes a sentence lyrical:
1. The use of metaphors:
So I walked back to my room and collapsed on the bottom bunk, thinking that if people were rain, I was drizzle and she was hurricane. ― John Green, Looking for Alaska
2. The use of words related to nature:
"When I closed my eyes, the scent of the wind wafted up toward me. A May wind, swelling up like a piece of fruit, with a rough outer skin, slimy flesh, dozens of seeds." ― Haruki Murakami Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman.
3. The use of rhythm (alternating short sentences with long sentences):
"Memory is a funny thing. When I was in the scene, I hardly paid it any mind. I never stopped to think of it as something that would make a lasting impression, certainly never imagined that eighteen years later I would recall it in such detail. I didn't give a damn about the scenery that day. I was thinking about myself. I was thinking about the beautiful girl walking next to me. I was thinking about the two of us together, and then about myself again."
I would like to hear other definitions, or to know whether I'm mistaken.
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I usually think of writing "lyrical" prose like writing poetry that begs to be set to music. If you read it back and get that veague sense of intaggible emotional feel you do with a song, then you might just have "lyrical" prose. However, if you've ever read song lyrics you'll know that some lyrics sound amazing when you hear them in the context of the song but are laughable read without music. When you're writing "lyrical" prose, the thing is that you want it to be veaguely similar to the type of writing that can be set to music (song lyrics) but it won't be set to music so it should be lyrical (like lyrics) and not actual lyrics.
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Lyrical refers to song-like qualities. Songs are inherently emotive and use rhythm and sound to convey a sense beyond the literal. The rhythmic aspect includes not merely higher-level structure but also accentuation, syllabic pacing, repetition of sound patterns, and other mechanisms. Songs generally have a compression and a subtlety of expression that is not typical of ordinary prose. The use of imagery accomplishes both subtlety and compression. Other forms of indirect expression can also provide a lyrical quality, perhaps primarily from subtly which can intensify the emotive effect. (The use of subtly might be similar to telling a joke; the lead up disguises the punchline and the punchline by itself is generally not funny but with the whole there is a powerful reaction.)
One might even argue that "show don't tell" is a step in the lyrical direction.
Natural images are not essential to lyrical expression, though they have the benefit of being broadly appreciated and having nearly an intrinsic emotive quality.
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The word lyrical does not mean "like a song lyric". If anything the derivation probably goes the other way. Lyrical means expressing the writer's emotions in a beautiful or imaginative way. Thus you can have poetry that is lyrical and poetry that is not lyrical. You can have prose that is lyrical but not rhythmic, and prose that is rhythmic but not lyrical. (I have been arguing with my editor recently about sentence rhythm in my forthcoming technical book. The prose in that book is a rhythmic as I can reasonably make it, but no part of it is in any way lyrical.)
Of course, in expressing your emotions in beautiful and imaginative language you may very well use metaphors, make references to nature, and use rhythm. Then again you could do all of these things in a biology textbook that was not lyrical at all.
Finally, alternating short and long sentences is not rhythm. Rhythm has to do with where stresses fall in a sentence. Prose rhythm, at least as I think of it, has to do with how the natural stresses in a sentence support the meaning of that sentence. Thus:
We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender
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