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The question needs to be rephrased. Of course it is possible to write a story without any world-building. Here are some examples: War and Peace. Pride and Prejudice. The Autobiography of Malcolm X....
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Source: https://writers.stackexchange.com/a/26927 License name: CC BY-SA 3.0 License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
#2: Initial revision
The question needs to be rephrased. Of course it is possible to write a story without any world-building. Here are some examples: _War and Peace_. _Pride and Prejudice_. _The Autobiography of Malcolm X_. Almost everything Agatha Christie ever wrote. Those books assume that the reader has the necessary cultural background because they were written for a readership of the time and place. So, the question should not refer to a "story" (or novel), but specifically to a story set in a time and place that the reader would not immediately understand. Even so, we do understand concepts such as force, territory, empires, travel, hunger, competition, and many other concepts that do not require much elaboration. If you have access to them, have a look at the original StarTrek TV episodes form the 1960s, and note how the appearance of the characters, their interpersonal relationships, and their reactions to events are very 1960s. You can give the hippies a haircut and a uniform, and put them in a spaceship, but they're still hippies.