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Source: https://writers.stackexchange.com/a/37697
License name: CC BY-SA 3.0
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

I think the term you're looking for is **NARRATIVE VOICE** , sometimes called **Narrative POV** but that oversimplifies it.

The _narrative voice_ sets the tone and pace for the story, but also signals how we're meant to approach the characters and situations. Without trying to sound airy-fairy or artistic, narrative voice is how the book talks to the reader, it's the voice inside the reader's head through which everything is filtered.

There are some obvious _narrator_ voices for certain genres – like we'd expect a no-nonsense tough guy voice from a spy novel or a breath-y heaving-bosom voice for a romance novel, but I'm pretty sure all of these genre clichés are copied from one or two successful authors who started a trend. These trends last a decade or two usually and then die out. They are separate from the genre itself. The horror genre has outlasted the voice of H. P. Lovecraft. Espionage existed before and after Ian Fleming's upperclass entitlement. Sci-fi has survived Arthur C Clark's bone dry psuedo-histories. They didn't just write plots and events, they wrote in a voice that tinted the entire narrative, and influenced the whole genre (for a while).

The _narrative voice_ is more than just grammar and vocabulary. It's also more than a radio drama describing the action in the reader's head – although that particular narrative voice became trendy with Dashiell Hammett (and other pulp-era authors) who were essentially writing dialog with screen directions. We "see" characters' facial expressions in **The Maltese Falcon** but we never hear anything they are thinking (not even the protagonist). The _narrative voice_ is limited to describing actions that are observed, subsequently Maltese Falcon is famous for having a visceral, immediate tone – despite all its plot twists we don't get a cerebral hero who sits and thinks about things, instead we have a man of action who jumps blindly into situations without a plan. The narrative voice is like the detective's eyes and ears. We _see_ every characters' reaction, and we _guess_ when they are lying but we don't know why.

When the narrative voice "fits" with the story experience in this way, it's usually a win.

There are other narrative choices that can dominate a story. Proust's **Ulysses** started a trend in "psychological realism" that follows every noodle of thought almost exhaustively. It's either poetry or psychosis but the _voice_ becomes more important than the plot.

James Ellroy is another author whose narrative voice is the equivalent of worldbuilding, all his novels take place in a gritty, racist, borderline psychopathically rambling and abused reality that was probably indistinguishable from the author's own head – or at least he is such a good writer that he convinces us the books are the reflections of an unhinged personality. Either way it works on a meta level, embodying the story and the narrative voice at the same time.

Jane Austen invented a character-oriented _narrative voice_ called "free indirect speech" where she blurred the lines between her various characters and the narration itself. In the middle of a 3rd-person omniscient scene she allows a character's inner-monolog to take over the narration – it's a technique similar to reality TV shows where in the middle of a dramatic (or ridiculous) situation we suddenly cut to an interview with one of the people who tells us their personal take on what happened, then back to the action. This works because Austen wrote about fallible people who are stuck in their perspective (and social strata), and even though the individual characters are much _smaller_ than the story she's telling, she still gets us to empathize with each of them. We could really hate all the characters in **Pride and Prejudice** for their petty gossip, selfishness, and psychological defenses, but instead we hear directly from them as if they are confiding in us. We understand how they are locked in their perspective, how they justify what they already believed. We actually like them, even if we are laughing at them or see the irony in what they've done to themselves. Rather than tell the reader "my sister is shallow but not really a bad person", Austen hands them a microphone and lets them say something shallow. P&P is about family but also about accepting people as they are, all the villains become family in the end so you have no choice but to love them with their flaws.

None of these are genre-specific, yet they all "fit" so seamlessly with their stories that they can seem to be definitive writing techniques. Tell a mystery like a detective. Tell a fantasy like an epic legend. Tell a story about events in the future as if they were events in the past. Tell a story about your nutty family in a loving, self-depricating way.... But you can just as easily do the complete opposite: a successful mystery can be in the tone of horror or comedy. Your elaborate space opera can be framed as a fairytale or a bumbling accident. For a 14yo, a family vacation might have more drama than a full season on Broadway. There are no rules, and as soon as there are they get broken.

> To be specific: how genre writing impacts things like sentence length, dialogue, the tone of adjectives, pacing, etc.

You can imitate successful authors within any genre – that is certainly what most people do. You can even imitate a successful author in the _wrong_ genre, but just imitating the form without understanding how it works or why it is innovative is missing the forest because you are looking only at trees.

What you really want to develop is your own _narrative voice_ that "fits" your particular story. This involves what kind of story you want to tell, and how you expect us to feel about the characters. Does the "narrator" drift passively along with the characters like a helium balloon tied to someone's wrist, or is there an opinionated voice that is coloring everything and even pursuing its own agenda (an unreliable narrator maybe), or does the _narrative voice_ match the story in some conceptual way, mirroring the situation or the protagonist's state of mind?

Original score: 3