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Source: https://writers.stackexchange.com/a/42279
License name: CC BY-SA 3.0
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Source: https://writers.stackexchange.com/a/42279
License name: CC BY-SA 3.0
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

There is no fixed number of drafts. I go through several drafts, (I've done twenty, in the past), to correct problems I know I have persistently in writing.

1) Writing off the top of my head, I tend to be repetitive. I dislike that in writing and so do most people. So I find places where I have said the same thing just in different ways, or used multiple adjectives that are nearly the same thing, and cut or revise to say it in one BEST way. I don't need to tell or show readers three ways that Alice was surprised.

2) Dialogue walls, AKA talking heads. I don't usually write these, but they are a symptom of an under-imagined scene. People don't just talk at each other, they have bodies, they are moving in an environment, or at least looking around, they can feel things, think things they don't say, recall memories, smell things, have emotional reactions to things. My characters are very seldom standing still and just looking at each other, and if my dialogue exchange could just as well be that -- It needs to be **longer.** The scene is under-imagined. That is boring.

3) Colors. Smell. Sounds. Temperature. Touch sensation. Although my characters are usually in motion and are experiencing **e** motions, I do have a tendency to write in "black and white." I just forget to think about color and other senses. They enrich the scene, and (to me) often surprise me in the associations they afford. Again, a symptom of an under-imagined scene. I don't write all of them at once, and usually only include one extra sense in the mix, but c'mon, if somebody is having a conversation while cooking in the kitchen, and I don't include even one mention of what they _smell,_ I am not writing well.

4) Continuity (=Transition failures). Voice. Out of Character. Lack of Conflict (Infodump is a subset of Lack of Conflict). Readers read to find out what happens next. There should be basically four ranges of tension in a story: What happens in the next few pages, what happens at the end of this scene/chapter, what happens at the end of this Act, what happens to end the story.

What happens in the next few pages: Infodumps and setting descriptions should not be more than about 250 words long (roughly one page in paperback) before something _happens_. No matter how poetic and beautiful my description may be, I know that tensionless description is what makes people stop reading. Describe, be poetic if you like, but make it short. They turn the page to see what happens next right now, and describing the beautiful Spring mountain range and that spring-fed trout lake nestled in it for two pages is a good time to fold up the book and get to bed.

What happens at the end of the scene/chapter: Most of my chapters are set in one place, so a scene and a chapter are quite similar. A scene advance the plot or story, in some way. It decides something. It presents a problem, or a clue to the solution, or a dilemma, or an emergency to deal with. I kind of think of them as challenge-response. So we need scene tension, to get the reader through the scene, they want to see how the MC handles the challenge. Generally that response should make the reader wonder how that is going to turn out, so they start the next chapter.

Book tension: MC's should be engaged in the big picture, and that should be injected at least once in every chapter. What's the overall goal? What has the villain done now? How have things gotten worse, or more difficult? The story is about solving some big problem. The MCs do that by solving a lot of smaller problems and challenges, but we are building toward a confrontation, always running late, and every battle we win still costs us and that may lose us the war. Paradoxically, you want your MC to succeed but (until the third Act) it feels like the major goal is receding or becoming even more difficult to achieve.

5) Act Length. I divide my story into four equal parts; each roughly 25% of the book. Act I: The MC and their normal world. Halfway through, the "inciting incident" occurs, something that will grow in the second half of Act I into a big problem. At the end of Act I, the MC must **leave** her normal world (metaphorically or physically) to solve the problem presented by the "inciting incident".

Act IIa: Reactive fixes. The MC tries to fix the problem in some easy way, and fails. She tries again, the problem gets worse. She tries a third easy fix, and now things are very bad. But at the end of Act IIa, she has learned something, about the villain, or problem, or herself. There is an epiphany at the middle of the book.

Act IIb: Proactive fixes. Using this epiphany, she starts to try _intelligent_ fixes. She learns more. She is acting rationally now, not just reacting, but planning. It is again a three-step process. Something gets a little better, a little problem is solved. Then a victory. Then another and it comes with a full understanding of what she needs to do next, which is often risky.

Act III: The big plan and confrontation. She executes, adapts as she goes, and prevails. For the final scene, she either returns to her normal world (or some version of it), or she begins life in her **new** normal. The End.

I call them Act IIa and IIb out of respect for the Three Act Structure, which is a good thing to research.

For the purpose of drafts, I want my acts to be between 20% and 30% of the book, and if they are too long I need to cut. If they are too short, I need more scenes. My Act III (the finale) is quite often shorter than the others, but I don't want it too short and sudden, I won't go under 20%. You could call this draft "Pacing", I don't want to bore the reader with any one of these being too long, or confuse the reader by having any one of these too short.

This is particularly true of the beginning, many novice writers rush the beginning of their novel to get to "the good stuff". It is 1/8 of the book. In an 80,000 word novel, 10,000 words. 40 pages in paperback, before we get to the inciting incident.

That is the most valuable real estate in the whole novel, because it is THERE the reader learns enough about your character to care about her, want her to succeed, to see her deal with problems (usually trivial ones you devise to show her character), deal with friends, deal with non-friend irritants, deal with family, or loneliness, or whatever. For drafting purposes, definitely do not cut this short. Fully imagine your MC and show us what she's made of, **before** you start firing bullets at her. We need to **know** her to **care** about her.

Added in response to comments: Also check out [this answer of mine,](https://writing.stackexchange.com/a/36356/26047) about the psychology of starting a new story (From the POV of a Discovery writer, me).

These answers (of mine) may be helpful also.

[What would a reader like to know about a character first?](https://writing.stackexchange.com/a/32572/26047)

[How to invest readers in a story that (initially) has no clear direction?](https://writing.stackexchange.com/a/33930/26047)

Original score: 9