How to address family members solely by relationship in dialogue?
Most English speakers probably just care about You, Mom, Dad, Aunts, Uncles, Cousins, Grandparents, Great-Grandparents and Ancestors, Children, Grandchildren, etc. That's great... as long as you are writing about a monolingual English-speaking family, living in a Anglophone environment or a society that uses the same kind of kinship terms as English does.
Suppose a child is the middle child of five children in a Chinese family. This child has one older brother, one older sister, one younger brother, and one younger sister. The children live with Mom and Dad most of the time. During the holidays, they may visit relatives in the countryside. In the countryside, that's where most of the family is and has been for generations, and there are Grandma and Grandpa (on Dad's side), Dad's brothers and sisters and their spouses and children. In another rural village, there are Grandpa and Grandma (on the Mom's side), Mom's brothers and sisters and their spouses and children.
Aside from formal names of each family member, there are also familiar names or terms of address for each family member. The term of address for a particular family member depends on generation level, father's side or mother's side, gender of the person, age of the person relative to the speaker, and age of the person relative to the father or mother (which may include birth order).
Realistically, a person will address the target family member by relationship, not by name. So, "Aunt ..." doesn't seem to work here. The translation should be "My father's third younger sister", but the words "father" and "sister" are never used, because in the original language, there is already a word that encompasses all of that, and also including the relationship between the target person and the speaker.
Another family is ethnic Korean. This Korean family also has separate addresses for everyone, but in Korean, it takes into account of the gender of the person. If the speaker is male, then his older brother is 형. If the speaker is female, then her older brother is 오빠. "Hiya, older-brother-as-a-female-speaker!" doesn't sound good in English.
How should the writer have the protagonist address all the family members solely by relationship in dialogue and exposition? If it just can't be done, then does it mean one has to anglicize the relationships? For example, in the exposition, the narrator will write everyone's full name, and in dialogue, the narrator calls everyone by name and maybe an English title. So, instead of 姑妈 (for father's older sister), the character just says, "Aunt __________."
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I would suggest including transliterations of the actual terms and including a glossary explaining them.
This is done a lot in English translations of manga where Japanese honorifics are kept in an English-readable format. Some of the most common examples are -san, equivalent to 'mr' or 'mrs'; -sama, often said to be equivalent to 'lord' or 'lady'; -senpai/-sempai, which is quite complicated; -chan, which is a cutesy honorific equivalent to the western -y (e.g. jane -> janey, susan -> suzy); et cetera. This is one of the reasons why so many self-proclaimed otakus know so many honorifics - they learn them as part of reading manga.
Your readers may struggle at first, but they should hopefully get used to the terms (and learn a bit of Chinese/Korean culture along the way). The key is to introduce the most important ones early and spread out the more complex terms if at all possible. I.e. start by just introducing mother and father, then move to the siblings, don't mention the grandparents until a few pages later and don't mention aunts, uncles or cousins until the next chapter.
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You don't try to be accurate, you anglicize it. If you are writing in English about a Korean family, the reader expects you to translate dialogue into understandable English that is not awkward.
If the speaker is male, then his older brother is 형. If the speaker is female, then her older brother is 오빠.
But doesn't a Korean boy/girl do this automatically without thinking about it? If so, why should the English reader be forced to think about it? As you say, it sounds weird, and just like a real translator would do, you translate into what an English reader would be comfortable with: "Hi brother", with none of the nuance indicated by language that makes no difference to the story.
If it does matter to the story, show it, don't tell it. Find a scene to indicate it separately. Say this girl is a young homosexual and speaks as a male, her brother can kick back:
"Do not speak in the male accent. You are going to get yourself beaten bloody someday."
Ha-yoon said, intentionally using the male accent, "By you, brother?"
"No, I would protect you, as I do now, little flower. I am not the only person with ears."
Accuracy is not the goal of fiction. Fictional dialogue looks and sounds nothing like real-life dialogue when it is transcribed from tape verbatim, with all its non-word verbalizations and weird pauses and self-interruptions.
What you write must serve the story, nothing else, and you leave out "accuracy" that does nothing to advance the story. Certain aspects of Korean culture will undoubtedly influence the plot, but it seems unlikely these relationship tags do that very often. If they do, then devise a scene (like above) in which the English speaker is made aware of (what is to them) a strange cultural quirk that matters.
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I have experience of a similar situation - not Chinese or Korean, but Indian. I married into a family that has Indian ancestry but now live in the Caribbean and in addition I have a large number of Indian (Guajarati) friends in Bradford, where I lived for a year or two.
There are words in Hindi for the different relations, just as you described for Chinese and Korean. Generally, these terms are used to denote relationship and sometimes said as a mark of respect (like calling older male people 'Uncle').
Some examples I'm familiar with, because I've heard them often, are Ajji (grandmother (mother of father)), Nanni (grandmother (mother of mother)), Mamma (Uncle) and Didi (elder sister), but there are dozens more. Have a look at this page: 55 Family Relationship Names in Hindi and English if you want to know more.
Point is, there are words for everyone that are independent of the actual names of people, and those words are used routinely instead of names. Of course, it depends on how close you are to the person you are talking to and, to some extent I'm sure, on the protocol that's been handed down from generation to generation.
If I were wanting to address family members solely by relationship in dialogue in this situation, then I would use the words I've just been describing. For you, it would be the English phonetic equivalents of the words used by the families you are referring to.
It might be confusing for the reader at first to be presented by these new (and seemingly made-up) words, but if you reinforce the message by making it clear who is talking to who at important parts of the story then it'll become easy for the reader to remember the various words. Plus, you'll expand their knowledge at the same time. I love me a book that I can learn new stuff from.
Good luck with your dialogue.
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If you are writing the story, you face a choice between making the dialogue more natural, or emphasising foreignness. @Amadeus explains the first option in detail, so I will not reiterate. However, it is possible that you don't want the dialogue to be that natural: your POV character might be, for some reason or other, a foreigner to this environment, or telling to a foreigner, etc. In such a case, you can use the original foreign-language terms (transcribed in English), or you can use their meaning. For example, in Heinlein's Citizen of the Galaxy, the MC has to adapt to a society with very detailed titles for every relative, and so you have:
“Oldest Son’s Wife, have all my senior daughters attend me.”
“Yes, Husband’s Mother.” She curtsied and left. (Robert A. Heinlein, Citizen of the Galaxy, chapter 7)
or
“As for you, Cross-Cousin-in-Law by Marriage, I’ll remind you—just once— that my Adopted Younger Brother is senior to you. And I’ll see you in my bunkie after dinner.” (Robert A. Heinlein, Citizen of the Galaxy, chapter 8)
The question becomes more difficult if, instead, you are translating a story from a language that has words for all those relationships to English, which lacks them. The translation should feel natural, as natural as it is to people reading the story in the original language. At the same time, the information about how each character is related to the others might be important to the story. In such a case, you would have to find a way to weave it in. That's the case where I'd go for the style @Totumus Maximus suggests. It might be redundant when you back-translate it, but you wouldn't back-translate it. In English, it would maintain both the natural manner and the information of the original.
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